Impact of Oxalate Ligand in Co-Precipitation Route on Morphological Properties and Phase Constitution of Undoped and Rh-Doped BaTiO3 Nanoparticles
Document identifier: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-77128
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10.3390/nano9121697Keyword: Natural Sciences,
Physical Sciences,
Other Physics Topics,
Naturvetenskap,
Fysik,
Annan fysik,
Rh-doped BaTiO3,
Nanoparticles,
Synthesis route,
Co-precipitation,
Perovskite,
Experimentell fysik,
Experimental PhysicsPublication year: 2019Relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
The SDG label(s) above have been assigned by OSDG.aiAbstract: In order to design and tailor materials for a specific application like gas sensors, the synthesis route is of great importance. Undoped and rhodium-doped barium titanate powders were successfully synthesized by two routes; oxalate route and classic route (a modified conventional route where solid-state reactions and thermal evaporation induced precipitation takes place). Both powders were calcined at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analyses are employed to identify the phases and polymorphs, to determine the morphology, the chemical composition and the specific surface area of the synthesized materials, respectively. The so-called oxalate route yields pure BaTiO3 phase for undoped samples at 700 °C and 900 °C (containing both cubic and tetragonal structures), while the classic route-synthesized powder contains additional phases such as BaCO3, TiO2 and BaTi2O5. Samples of both synthesis routes prepared by the addition of Rh contain no metallic or oxide phase of rhodium. Instead, it was observed that Ti was substituted by Rh at temperatures 700 °C and 900 °C and there was some change in the composition of BaTiO3 polymorph (increase of tetragonal structure). Heat-treatments above these temperatures show that rhodium saturates out of the perovskite lattice at 1000 °C, yielding other secondary phases such as Ba3RhTi2O9 behind. Well-defined and less agglomerated spherical nanoparticles are obtained by the oxalic route, while the classic route yields particles with an undefined morphology forming very large block-like agglomerates. The surface area of the synthesized materials is higher with the oxalate route than with the classic route (4 times at 900 °C). The presence of the oxalate ligand with its steric hindrance that promotes the uniform distribution and the homogeneity of reactants could be responsible for the great difference observed between the powders prepared by two preparation routes.
Authors
Roussin Lontio Fomekong
Department of High-Temperature and Functional Coatings, Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
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Shujie You
Luleå tekniska universitet; Materialvetenskap
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Francesco Enrichi
Luleå tekniska universitet; Materialvetenskap; Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Italy
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Alberto Vomiero
Luleå tekniska universitet; Materialvetenskap; Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Italy
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Bilge Saruhan
Department of High-Temperature and Functional Coatings, Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
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identifier: oai:DiVA.org:ltu-77128
datestamp: 2021-04-19T12:42:24Z
setSpec: SwePub-ltu
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version: 3.7
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recordContentSource: ltu
recordCreationDate: 2019-12-10
identifier:
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-77128
10.3390/nano9121697
31795089
2-s2.0-85078329076
titleInfo:
@attributes:
lang: eng
title: Impact of Oxalate Ligand in Co-Precipitation Route on Morphological Properties and Phase Constitution of Undoped and Rh-Doped BaTiO3 Nanoparticles
abstract: In order to design and tailor materials for a specific application like gas sensors the synthesis route is of great importance. Undoped and rhodium-doped barium titanate powders were successfully synthesized by two routes; oxalate route and classic route (a modified conventional route where solid-state reactions and thermal evaporation induced precipitation takes place). Both powders were calcined at different temperatures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) Raman spectroscopy scanning electron microscopy (SEM) energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analyses are employed to identify the phases and polymorphs to determine the morphology the chemical composition and the specific surface area of the synthesized materials respectively. The so-called oxalate route yields pure BaTiO3 phase for undoped samples at 700 °C and 900 °C (containing both cubic and tetragonal structures) while the classic route-synthesized powder contains additional phases such as BaCO3 TiO2 and BaTi2O5. Samples of both synthesis routes prepared by the addition of Rh contain no metallic or oxide phase of rhodium. Instead it was observed that Ti was substituted by Rh at temperatures 700 °C and 900 °C and there was some change in the composition of BaTiO3 polymorph (increase of tetragonal structure). Heat-treatments above these temperatures show that rhodium saturates out of the perovskite lattice at 1000 °C yielding other secondary phases such as Ba3RhTi2O9 behind. Well-defined and less agglomerated spherical nanoparticles are obtained by the oxalic route while the classic route yields particles with an undefined morphology forming very large block-like agglomerates. The surface area of the synthesized materials is higher with the oxalate route than with the classic route (4 times at 900 °C). The presence of the oxalate ligand with its steric hindrance that promotes the uniform distribution and the homogeneity of reactants could be responsible for the great difference observed between the powders prepared by two preparation routes.
subject:
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lang: eng
authority: uka.se
topic:
Natural Sciences
Physical Sciences
Other Physics Topics
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authority: uka.se
topic:
Naturvetenskap
Fysik
Annan fysik
@attributes:
lang: eng
topic: Rh-doped BaTiO3
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lang: eng
topic: nanoparticles
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lang: eng
topic: synthesis route
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lang: eng
topic: co-precipitation
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lang: eng
topic: perovskite
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lang: swe
authority: ltu
topic: Experimentell fysik
genre: Research subject
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topic: Experimental Physics
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Published
5
Validerad;2019;Nivå 2;2019-12-10 (johcin)
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Roussin Lontio
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dateIssued: 2019
publisher: MDPI
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title: Nanomaterials
identifier: 2079-4991
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type: volume
number: 9
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